Earth science

About this lesson

This unit introduces Earth science, focusing on geology, the structure of the Earth, geological structures, minerals, and the three main rock types. It begins by defining geology and its branches, then explains the importance of geology in daily life and resource exploration. The Earth's components (crust, mantle, core) are described, followed by primary and secondary (tectonic) geological structures such as folds, faults, joints, and unconformities. The unit then covers minerals: their definition, crystal systems, physical and optical properties, and their importance. Finally, it details the three rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—including their formation, classification, and examples. By the end, students should be able to explain geological concepts, compare structures, classify rocks and minerals, and interpret related data.